Enhanced light extraction

ABSTRACT

There is herein described light generating electronic components with improved light extraction and a method of manufacturing said electronic components. More particularly, there is described LEDs having improved light extraction and a method of manufacturing said LEDs.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to light generating electronic components with improved light extraction and a method of manufacturing said electronic components. More particularly, the present invention relates to light emitting diodes (LEDs) with improved light extraction and a method of manufacturing said LEDs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are well-known problems in extracting light from LEDs formed in semiconductor structures such as Gallium Nitride (GaN).

For GaN LEDs, it is well known in the field that to grow thick and highly conductive p-type AlInGaN layers is difficult especially compared to that of n-type layers. Thus, typically the light emitting area, typically quantum wells (QW), is no more than 500 nm from the top surface. Commonly, devices are used in a flip-chip format so that light exits through a polished transparent sapphire substrate. The light emitted is isotropic and reflects off the top surface which is co-planar to the QW. Consequently, the angle of reflection is not altered at this interface and thus the reflected angle is not deliberately modified to be lower than that of the critical angle at the device interfaces.

Light generated at the quantum well in an LED structure is emitted in all directions. When the light reaches the boundary of a GaN or sapphire surface there is a change in refractive index of the material. If the light ray reaching the interface has an angle within an “escape cone” it will be partially emitted from the device. There are small Fresnel losses which change with angle so not all the light is transmitted. As the angle of incidence approaches or exceeds the escape cone, light will be reflected back into the device and may be absorbed as heat. For a GaN-air interface the critical angle is only 21°, 24° and 25° at the wavelengths of 365, 450 and 520 nm, respectively.

Gallium Nitride LEDs have been demonstrated previously and are commercially available. LED structures can be top emitting or can emit through a transparent substrate or have the substrate removed to emit at the semiconductor interface. Most commercially available LEDs are planar structures. Previous near parabolic structures in Gallium Arsenide are well-known and have been reported with a flat top to the structure but within a limited parameter space (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,518,149 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference). Use of sloped sidewalls of micro-LED devices for improved manufacturing and increased light extraction has been demonstrated by the University of Strathclyde (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,149 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference).

However, prior art devices have a number of limitations. Prior art involving the etching of parabolic shaped structures on micro-LED devices has been demonstrated in a configuration applicable to a Gallium Arsenide structure. For Gallium Nitride devices, the quantum well is typically only ˜0.3 to 0.5 microns below the top surface. In this configuration a flat truncated top would result in a small useable active area for optimal light extraction and consequently the need to manufacture a very small light emitting volume in comparison to that of the overall structure. There are practical limitations to the mesa height for such structures and consequently the fill-factor for the active region becomes negligible to enable efficient extraction. Integrating a hybrid shaped transparent structure on the top of the device can resolve these issues and provide further flexibility as a parabolic design may not necessarily be the optimum shape.

It is an object of at least one aspect of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one or more of the aforementioned problems.

It is a further object of at least one aspect of the present invention to provide improved LEDs and micro-LEDs with improved light extraction.

It is a further object of at least one aspect of the present invention to provide an improved method for manufacturing LEDs and micro-LED arrays with improved light extraction.

It is a further object of at least one aspect of the present invention to provide an improved method for providing a pattern programmable micro-display.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a light emitting structure comprising:

a light emitter capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation;

an integrated transparent electrically conductive layer located adjacent the light emitter through which the electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted;

wherein the integrated transparent electrically conductive layer improves the amount of light capable of being extracted from the light emitting structure.

The present invention therefore resides in the provision of increasing and improving the amount of radiation that can be extracted and used from the light emitting structure.

The light emitting structure may comprise a side wall which may be inclined to enhance light extraction.

The light emitting structure may also incorporate a textured surface to enhance light extraction.

The light emitting structure may be an LED e.g. a micro-LED.

The light emitter may be any device capable of emitting radiation. Preferably, the light emitter may be a quantum well structure. The quantum well region may be about 10-100 nm thick and typically about 30 nm thick. In particular embodiments, the quantum well region may be made from InGaN/GaN.

The electromagnetic radiation emitted from the light emitter may be visible and may have, but is not restricted to a wavelength of about 300-700 nm.

The integrated transparent conductive cap layer may be dome shaped in cross-section in either one or two dimensions and may be formed with the rest of the LED structure during fabrication. The dome-cross-sectioned cap may therefore form a transparent area on top of the light emitting structure e.g. LED. The cap may be formed from a transparent conductive layer such as, but not limited to Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) or doped conductive Zinc-Oxide such as aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO).

The integrated transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) may be an integral part of the structure and forms part of the ohmic contact to the device anode.

The integrated transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) material may be chosen to have a suitable refractive index and thickness to reduce Fresnel reflections with, for example, the GaN interface.

The integrated transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) may be conical, domed or aspheric in cross-section in one or both directions. Preferably, the cap cross-section may be parabolic or elliptical in shape. Alternatively, the integrated transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) may have a micro Fresnel lens shape.

The integrated transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) may help shape current distribution in order to reduce surface recombination at the outer periphery of the quantum well

The light emitting structure may also comprise an integrated reflective surface located adjacent the transparent conductive layer which is capable of reflecting the visible radiation transmitted through the transparent conductive layer back into the light emitting structure.

The integrated reflective surface may comprise a metal contact layer that may also form part of a reflective second surface mirror structure in the light emitting structure.

The light emitting structure (e.g. LED structure) may comprise a single isolated P-N diode or may consist of multiple structures with a common p and/or n connection.

The light emitting structure may also include side-walls coated in an electrically insulating layer, e.g. oxide covered side walls.

The integrated reflective surface (e.g. metal layer) may form part of an interconnect structure.

There may be a single LED or an array of LEDs or multiple LED emitter sites on one area.

In further embodiments a top emitting device may be formed where the transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) is transparent so that light emitted upwards is refracted in a manner that reduces the divergence of light so that it is focussed or collimated. In this embodiment the cap may be conductive and may form an ohmic contact to Gallium Nitride. In this embodiment, the cap may also be formed from transparent polymer or other transparent material in addition to the ohmic contact layer. In this embodiment the light emitting structure may comprise a reflecting shaped structure integrated on top of the light emitting structure e.g. an LED. Furthermore, the top-emitting device may be formed where the thickness of the transparent conductive layer adjacent to the shaped structure (e.g. spherical lens) is of sufficient thickness for providing electrical contact and designed to reduce Fresnel reflections (e.g. ˜λ/4 anti-reflection layer). To enhance light extraction from the top emitting structure a reflective layer or layers is formed on the lower surface of the device e.g. transparent substrate so light is reflected back to the shaped conductive structures (ideally the incident light is then close to normal at the exit surface). The adjacent conductive layers are designed and fabricated to provide anti-reflection properties. The above combined with the relatively low absorption coefficient of the semiconductor e.g. GaN is designed to increase light extraction from the device.

The cap structure may be formed from a transparent polymer or a shaped oxide layer or transparent conductive layer. The cap structure may be conical in cross-section or shaped as a parabolic, aspheric or a Fresnel structure in one or both dimensions.

The cap structure may be formed on top of a conductive layer providing an ohmic contact to the device anode.

The conductive layer may be, but is not limited to indium tin oxide or a gold alloy. The cap structure may be bordered by a metal contact layer that may also form part of a reflective structure.

The metal layer may form part of an interconnect structure.

There may be a single LED or an array or LEDs or multiple LED emitter sites on one area.

In this embodiment an integrated shaped transparent conductive cap is formed on top of an LED in order to extend the light path above the light emitting area so that a larger number of rays are reflected from angled sidewalls which are preferably of high reflectance. Such a scheme can be designed to increase the number of rays to have incidence angles below the critical angle at the device interfaces, thus increasing light extraction. The formation of the shaped transparent conductive cap with high reflectance surface will result in a shape suitable to guide the light in a controlled manner; this shape may be conical, parabolic, elliptical or spherical in cross-section. The conductive cap with reflecting surface may also take the shape of a mirrored Fresnel structure. In a preferred embodiment the cross-sectional shape is parabolic in nature so that the light is near collimated, or any other shape that is appropriate. The sidewall angle of the emitter and the aspect ratio of the emitter diameter to overall mesa structure height are also considered.

In a further alternative embodiment the light emitter in the form of a quantum well area may be reduced to improve confinement of the light emission area to the centre of a pixel allowing more effective beam extraction from the shaped pixel reflector. For a parabolic shape the light will be near collimated. In this form, a p-GaN region and quantum well may be selectively exposed to a plasma treatment. This has the effect of stopping light emission from the treated area i.e. reducing the size of the active layer such that the light generated is close to the middle area of the active area. For the parabolic cross-section reflector this would coincide with the focal point. In this embodiment the application of the reduced quantum well area may be utilised with a conventional ‘flat’ topped structure as long as the sidewalls are sloped, but preferably should be used with a cap structure.

In a further embodiment the light emitting face may be modified to enhance light extraction. In one approach the sapphire surface may be textured by etching to form a roughened or a nano-textured surface which may for example involve pattern transfer of nano spheres or the formation of 2D photonic crystal structures.

In a second approach the sapphire carrier may be removed by laser lift off exposing the GaN buffer layer, this enables the GaN layer to be structured by etching where it may be patterned to form refractive, diffractive, Fresnel or 2D photonic crystal structures. It is also possible that the carrier may be silicon (GaN on silicon). Techniques may be employed to remove the silicon from the required areas.

In a third approach the GaN buffer layer may be removed by etching thus exposing the n-GaN layer. Deposition of a transparent conductive layer such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) provides a conductive layer allowing the device to act as a vertical LED. In this form the ITO layer may be patterned to form refractive, diffractive, Fresnel or 2D photonic crystal structures. The refractive index of the transparent conductive layer should be chosen to minimise reflection at the GaN interface.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a light emitting structure comprising:

providing a light emitter capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation;

providing an integrated transparent electrically conductive layer located adjacent the light emitter through which the electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted;

wherein the integrated transparent electrically conductive layer improves the amount of light capable of being extracted from the light emitting structure.

The light emitting structure may be as defined in the first aspect and may, for example, be an LED.

The method of manufacturing the light emitting structure (e.g. LED) may comprise providing a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, a GaN layer and a sapphire layer. The GaN layer may be coated with the TCO layer with, for example, a refractive index greater than 1.8, preferably greater than 2.0 and ideally matched to the semiconductor at the operating wavelength e.g. ˜2.4 for GaN at 450 nm.

A photoresist pattern may then be formed in the areas to be defined as emitters by photolithography.

The photoresist pattern may then be baked to allow it to reflow into a rounded form.

The photoresist pattern may then be transferred by a dry etch technique such as inductively coupled plasma etch (ICP) or Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) into the TCO layer and then into the GaN layer. The photoresist pattern layer may be sacrificial and erodes during the etch process.

The light emitter structure may then be covered with a thin insulating layer such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.

The insulating layer on top of the TCO lens may then be uncovered to enable the p-contact to be formed.

Interconnect metal is deposited. This may also act as a mirror to reflect light downwards in a back emitting device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a representation of a required ‘escape cone’ which light must fall within to be able to exit a light emitting device structure;

FIG. 2 is a representation of a light emitting structure comprising an integrated dome shaped transparent cap according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 a is a representation of a light emitting structure where emitted light rays are reflected back against a metal contact/mirror according to the current state of the art;

FIG. 3 b is a representation of a light emitting structure comprising a series of integrated dome shaped transparent cap according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4 a-4 h represent a method of manufacturing a light emitting structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 a is a representation of a light emitting structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 b is a representation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 a deployed in a linear structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a representation of a light emitting structure where the quantum well area has been reduced according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a grid array of light emitting structures according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a hexagonal array of light emitting structures according to a further embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a representation of a plurality of light emitting structures of the present invention joined together according to a further embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 10 is a representation of a cap layer with an array of domed structures (e.g. spherical) and adjacent conductive layers which provide electrical contact and reduce Fresnel reflections at this interface by design wherein a reflective structure is formed on the substrate so that light is output from the top surface according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Generally speaking, the present invention resides in the provision of using a transparent (e.g. visible light transparent) conductive cap structure on top of a light emitting diode to improve light extraction and the amount of light emitted.

FIG. 1 is representation of light 110 being generated in an LED structure 100 according to the prior art. The light is emitted from a point source 112 in a quantum well. FIG. 1 shows that the light 110 is emitted in all directions and is shown to have an escape cone with an angle α_(c). When the light reaches the boundary of, for example, the GaN or sapphire surface there is a change in refractive index of the material. If the light ray 110 reaching the interface has an angle within the “escape cone” it will be emitted from the LED structure 100. If the angle of incidence is greater than the escape cone the light 110 will be reflected back into the LED structure 100 and may be absorbed as heat. For the GaN-air interface the critical angle is only 21°, 24° and 25° at the wavelengths of 365, 450 and 520 nm, respectively. It is beneficial to have light below this critical angle. This can be achieved by quasi collimating or directing the light in order to reduce the probability of internal reflection and so improve the efficiency of the device.

FIG. 2 is representation of an integrated light emitting structure 200 of the present invention. The light emitting structure may be an LED e.g. a micro-LED. As shown in FIG. 2 the light emitting structure 200 has a quantum well region 210 from which light 214 is emitted from a point source 212. The quantum well region 210 may be about 100 nm thick and may be made from InGaN. Emitted light rays 214 are shown passing through a transparent dome cross-sectioned cap 216. The dome cross-section cap 218 is integrally formed with the rest of the LED structure during fabrication. This is discussed in more detail below. The LED structure may consist of a single isolated p-n diode or may consist of multiple structures with a common p and/or n connections. The light 214 is shown being reflected from a metal contact/curved mirror 218 back into the main body of the light emitting structure 200. The light emitting structure 200 is also shown to have oxide covered side walls 220. The transparent cap 216 may in some embodiments be contoured so that light 214 emitted towards the transparent cap 216 is reflected back towards the emitting surface in a manner that reduces the divergence of light. In these types of embodiments the shaped transparent structure 216 is conductive and may form an ohmic contact to a Gallium Nitride layer. The cap 218 and the sidewall 220 of the Gallium Nitride emitter may both be contoured by etching to leave a suitable one or two dimensional cross-sectional shape which may be sloped, conical, domed parabolic, or alternatively an aspheric structure. The reflecting surface 218 may also be shaped to act as a Fresnel mirror. The reflective second surface mirror surface may extend to include the side wall below the quantum well. In an ideal device the distance from the top of the structure to the bottom of the sidewall will typically be between 1 and 10 microns. The diameter of the individual emitter should be less than 2× the height e.g. a device of 2 microns height will have emitters of 4 microns diameter or less The material chosen for the cap 216 should ideally have a high refractive index, normally greater than 1.5 and preferably more than 2.0 in order to reduce losses at the interface with the GaN layer. In an ideal device it should have a refractive index of ˜2.4 to match GaN. The sidewall angle of the structure should be chosen according to the type of cap shape chosen and the refractive index of the material used but should normally be greater than 5° from vertical, and preferably 45±30° from vertical.

FIG. 3 a is a representation of a light emitting structure 300 where emitted light rays 314 are reflected back against a metal contact/mirror 318. There is also a quantum well region 316.

FIG. 3 b is a representation of a light emitting structure 350 comprising a series of integrated dome shaped transparent caps 354. There are also sidewalls 352 and a quantum well region 356. Light rays 358 are show exiting the light emitting structure 350.

FIGS. 4 a-4 h represent a method of manufacturing a light emitting structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4 a there is shown a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer 410, a GaN layer 412 and a sapphire layer 414. Sapphire substrates are therefore used with a proprietary GaN layer structure which is chosen to be suitable for the process used and the wavelength of emission required. The GaN layer 412 is coated with a TCO layer 410 with, for example, a refractive index greater than 1.8 and preferably greater than 2.0.

In FIG. 4 b there is shown a photoresist pattern 416 being formed in the areas to be defined as emitters by photolithography.

In FIG. 4 c the photoresist pattern 416 is baked to allow it to reflow into a rounded form.

In FIG. 4 d the photoresist pattern 416 is transferred by a dry etch technique such as inductively coupled plasma etch (ICP) or Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) into the TCO layer 410 and then into the GaN layer 412. The photoresist pattern layer 416 will be sacrificial and erodes during the etch process.

In FIG. 4 e the emitter structure is covered with a thin insulating layer 418 such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.

In FIG. 4 f the insulating layer 418 on top of the TCO cap is uncovered to enable the p-contact to be formed. An interconnect metal layer 420 is then deposited. The interconnect metal layer 420 may also act as a mirror to reflect light downwards in a back emitting device.

In FIG. 4 g the sapphire carrier has been removed, preferably using a laser lift off technique.

In FIG. 4 h the emitting face of the GaN layer is shown to be structured by etching where it may be patterned to form refractive, diffractive, Fresnel or 2D photonic crystal structures.

FIG. 5 a is a light emitting structure 500 according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5 the light emitting structure 500 comprises a light generating quantum well region 510 which, for example, is typically less than 100 nm thick and is made from InGaN. Light 514 is emitted from the light generating quantum well region 510 and passes through a transparent conductive layer 516 which may be made from a visibly transparent conductive oxide. As shown there is also a transparent conductive layer 522. The light rays 514 are then reflected from a metal/contact curved mirror 518. The light emitting structure 500 also has a side wall oxide 520.

FIG. 5 b shows a variant where a light emitting structure is in the form of a linear device where there is an extended metal/contact curved mirror 518. As before there is a quantum well region 510, sidewalls 520 and a transparent conductive layer 522.

In comparison, in FIG. 6 there is shown an embodiment where there is shown a light emitting structure 600 with a reduced quantum well area. The light emitting structure 600 has a light generating quantum well region 610 which, for example, is typically less than 100 nm thick and is made from InGaN. There is also a transparent dome cross-sectional cap 616 through which light 614 passes. As shown there is also a transparent conductive layer 622. The light rays 614 are then reflected from a metal/contact curved mirror 618. The light emitting structure 600 also has a side wall oxide 620. The point to note in the light emitting structure 600 is that the quantum well area 610 has been reduced to improve confinement of the light emission area to the centre of the pixel allowing more effective beam extraction from a shaped metal/contact curved mirror 618. For a 2 dimensional parabolic shape reflected light 614 will be near collimated. In this form, the p-GaN region and quantum well 610 are selectively exposed to a plasma treatment. This has the effect of stopping light emission from the treated area i.e. reducing the size of the active layer such that the light generated is close to the middle area of the active area. For the parabolic shaped reflector 618 this would coincide with the focal point. The application of the reduced quantum well area can be utilised with a conventional ‘flat’ topped structure as long as the sidewalls are sloped, but preferably should be used with a cap structure as described.

FIG. 7 is a grid array 700 of light emitting structures 710 of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a hexagonal array of 800 of light emitting structures 810 of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9 multiple shaped emitter regions may be placed in an array 900 to form a common emitter area. In this format p and/or n contact areas may be addressed either by a common connection or on an individual basis. Emitter sites may be formed in a grid structure or a close packed ‘hexagonal’ array. FIG. 9 shows the n-contact regions 910 and the p-contact regions 912. FIG. 9 also shows in this case that there are seven light emitting structures as shown in FIG. 6 but the number may be more.

FIG. 10 shows a light emitting structure 1000 applicable to a top emission device where the transparent conductive layer 1010 has been structured in order to enhance light emission. The transparent conductive layer 1010 between structures should be of a thickness chosen to aid light transmission at the chosen wavelength.

There is also shown side wall oxides 1012 and light rays 1014, 1016. The light emitting structure 1000 as before also has a quantum well area 1018. The light generated in the quantum well area 1018 is typically less than 0.5 micron from the GaN surface. The layer thickness of the transparent conductive layer 1010 is determined by the wavelength with the thickness being chosen to reduce reflection. An optional mirror as shown at the bottom of the light emitting structure 1000 shown in FIG. 10 may also be used.

Whilst specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that departures from the described embodiments may still fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, any suitable type of integrated transparent conductive layer and transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) may be used. 

1. A light emitting structure comprising: a light emitter capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation including in the visible spectrum; an integrated transparent electrically conductive layer located adjacent the light emitter through which the light may be transmitted; wherein the integrated transparent conductive layer is shaped in order to increase the amount of light capable of being extracted from the light emitting structure.
 2. A light emitting structure according to claim 1 , wherein the light emitting structure is a light emitting diode (LED) or a micro-LED.
 3. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the light emitter is a quantum well region from which light is capable of being emitted; and wherein the quantum well region is about 0.05-0.2 microns thick or about 0.1 micron thick.
 4. (canceled)
 5. A light emitting structure according to claim 3, wherein the quantum well region is made from InGaN/GaN; and wherein the light emitted from the light emitter has a wavelength of about 300-700 nm.
 6. (canceled)
 7. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the integrated transparent conductive layer is in the form of a shaped cap which is formed with the rest of the light emitting structure during fabrication e.g. etching of the cap layer which has been deposited by electron beam evaporation or physical vapor deposition, or a range of sputter deposition techniques or from a liquid phase technique or where the transparent conductive layer has been bonded under high pressure and temperature to the light emitting structure wherein optionally the cap has a dome shaped cross-section in one or two dimensions e.g. a round, conical or sloped cross-section or other structured pattern; and wherein the shaped cap forms a transparent area on top of the light emitting structure e.g. LED; or wherein the cap is formed from a conductive layer which is transparent to the wavelengths emitted by the light emitting structure such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) or doped conductive Zinc-Oxide such as aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO); or wherein the cap is formed from multiple conductive layers which are transparent to the wavelengths emitted by the light emitting structure such as multilayers of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and doped conductive Zinc-Oxide such as aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO). 8-10. (canceled)
 11. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the integrated or bonded transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) is an integral part of the structure and forms part of the ohmic contact to the device; and integrated or bonded transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) material is chosen to have a suitable refractive index to reduce Fresnel reflections at the interface, for example, with the GaN interface .
 12. (canceled)
 13. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the integrated or bonded transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) is conical, domed or aspheric in cross-section; wherein the integrated or bonded transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) is parabolic or elliptical in cross-section; and wherein the integrated or bonded transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) has a micro Fresnel reflector shape. 14-15. (canceled)
 16. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure also comprises an integrated reflective surface located adjacent the transparent conductive layer which is capable of reflecting the visible radiation transmitted through the transparent conductive layer back into the light emitting structure; and wherein the integrated reflective surface comprises a metal electrical contact layer that also forms part of a reflective second surface mirror structure in the light emitting structure.
 17. (canceled)
 18. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure (e.g. LED structure) comprises a single isolated p-n diode or comprises of multiple structures with a common p and/or n connection; and wherein the light emitting structure also comprises side-walls coated in an electrically insulating layer e.g. oxide covered side walls.
 19. (canceled)
 20. A light emitting structure according to claim 16, the integrated reflective surface (e.g. metal layer) forms part of an interconnect structure.
 21. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein there is a single LED or an array of LEDs or multiple LED emitter sites on one area.
 22. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure comprises a top emitting device which is formed where the transparent conductive layer (e.g. transparent cap) is transparent so that light emitted upwards is refracted in a manner that improves light extraction e.g. by reducing the divergence of light so that it is focussed or collimated.
 23. A light emitting structure according to claim 22, wherein the cap is conductive and forms an ohmic contact to the light emitting material e.g. Gallium Nitride; wherein the cap is also formed from transparent polymer or other transparent material in addition to the transparent ohmic contact layer; wherein the light emitting structure comprises a shaped structure integrated on top of the light emitting structure; and wherein the cap structure is formed from a transparent polymer or a shaped oxide layer or transparent conductive layer; wherein the cap structure cross-section is conical or shaped as a parabolic, aspheric or a Fresnel structure in one or two dimensions or a photonic crystal 2-D structure; wherein the cap structure is formed on top of a conductive layer providing an electrical contact to the device; and wherein the conductive layer is a conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide or a metallic contact such as a gold alloy. 24-29. (canceled)
 30. A light emitting structure according to claim 22, wherein the cap structure is bordered by a metal contact layer that also forms part of the device structure; wherein there is a single LED or an array of LEDs or multiple LED emitter sites on one area wherein there is provided a structured transparent cap and there is a transparent conducting layer located between adjacent structures to provide an electrical contact; wherein the thickness of the transparent conducting layer is adapted to reduce Fresnel reflections at the semiconductor interface and is therefore capable of functioning as a quarter-wavelength layer anti-reflection coating; wherein there is provided a bottom reflective layer or layers to redirect light to the top surface; and wherein there is a single LED e.g. a large area LED, or an array of LEDs or multiple LED emitter sites on one area. 31-35. (canceled)
 36. A light emitting structure according to claim 1, wherein the light emitter in the form of a quantum well area is reduced or GaN inactivation occurs to improve confinement of the light emission area to the centre of a pixel allowing more effective beam extraction from the shaped pixel; wherein the light emitting structure is top and/or bottom emitting structure; and wherein a p-GaN region and quantum well is selectively treated to reduce the active area e.g. exposure to a plasma treatment or other suitable means which has the effect of stopping light emission from the treated area i.e. reducing the size of the active layer such that the light generated is close to the middle area of the active area. 37-38. (canceled)
 39. A light emitting structure according to claim 1 where the sapphire carrier surface has been textured to enhance light extraction by etching or other suitable means; and claim where the sapphire or silicon carrier has been removed by laser lift off or chemical etching or any suitable method to enhance light extraction.
 40. (canceled)
 41. A light emitting structure according to claim 1 where the sapphire or silicon carrier has been removed by laser lift off or chemical etching or a method to enhance light extraction and the GaN surface has been patterned to form a structure such as a refractive, diffractive, Fresnel or 2D photonic crystal structure; where the sapphire or silicon carrier has been removed by laser lift off or chemical etching or a method to enhance light extraction and the exposed GaN surface has been covered by a transparent conductive layer forming an ohmic n-contact to form a vertical LED structure; and wherein a transparent conductive layer has been patterned to form a structure such as a refractive, diffractive, Fresnel or 2D photonic crystal structure. 42-43. (canceled)
 44. A method of manufacturing a light emitting structure comprising: providing a light emitter capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation; providing an integrated transparent conductive layer located adjacent the light emitter through which radiation electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted; wherein the integrated transparent conductive layer improves the amount of light capable of being extracted from the light emitting structure.
 45. A method of manufacturing a light emitting structure according to claim 44, wherein the refractive index of the integrated transparent conductive layer is closely matched to the GaN layer; and wherein the light emitting structure is an LED.
 46. (canceled)
 47. A method of manufacturing a light emitting structure according to claim 44, wherein the method comprises: providing a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, a GaN layer and a sapphire layer; providing a photoresist pattern in the areas to be defined as emitters by photolithography; baking the photoresist pattern to allow it to reflow into a rounded form; transferring the photoresist pattern by a dry etch technique such as inductively coupled plasma etch (ICP) or Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) into the TCO layer and then into the GaN layer; and then covering the light emitter structure with a thin insulating layer such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.
 48. (canceled) 